Transcutaneous cranial electrostimulation (CES) is one of several techniques that delivers electricity to specific body points with the aim of eliciting therapeutic effects. It has been evaluated as a treatment for a number of conditions, including headache, anxiety, insomnia, addiction/smoking cessation, hypertension, and pain control (1;2;3;4;5;6;7;8;9). However, studies have been small with methodological flaws, including inadequate blinding or randomization, unclear baseline patient characteristics, lack of use of validated measurement instruments, and incomplete reporting of analysis or results.

Content available for subscribers only.