Phosphatidyl Choline 1200 mg by Natural Factors Nutritional Products Inc

LIKELY INEFFECTIVE

• Alzheimer disease. Lecithin does not improve daily functioning in patients with Alzheimer disease. Details: In patients with Alzheimer disease, taking various types of lecithin, 1.2-45 grams daily for up to 6 months, alone or in combination with various conventional medications, does not improve cognitive function or other measures of disease progression (5149,5151,5152,5156,14817,14823,14825,14837,14838).

INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE

• Age-related cognitive decline. It is unclear if oral lecithin can slow age-related cognitive decline. Details: A small clinical crossover study in healthy adults aged 64 years and older shows that taking lecithin 26 grams orally daily, alone or in combination with physostigmine, for 5 weeks does not seem to improve memory when compared with placebo (19204).
• Anxiety. Although there is interest in using oral lecithin for anxiety, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of lecithin for this condition.
• Atopic dermatitis (eczema). Although there is interest in using oral lecithin for atopic dermatitis, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of lecithin for this condition.
• Bipolar disorder. It is unclear if oral lecithin is beneficial in patients with bipolar disorder. Details: A clinical study in six patients with mania shows that taking lecithin 10 mg three times daily improves symptoms of delusions, incoherent speech, and hallucinations when compared with placebo (14839).
• Dry skin. Although there is interest in using topical lecithin for dry skin, there is insufficient reliable information about the clinical effects of lecithin for this condition.
• Friedreich ataxia. Small clinical studies suggest that oral lecithin is not beneficial in people with Friedreich ataxia. Details: Preliminary clinical research shows that taking lecithin 25 grams orally daily for 1 month does not have any benefit in people with Friedreich ataxia (59298). Other preliminary clinical research shows that taking lecithin for a longer period of 6 months also does not improve performance (19211).
• Hyperlipidemia. Although lecithin may lower cholesterol in healthy people, it does not seem to improve cholesterol levels in people with hyperlipidemia. Details: Some clinical research shows that taking lecithin 20-30 grams daily for up to 11 months decreases cholesterol in healthy people (5147,14820). However, other clinical research shows that lecithin has no effect on low-density lipoprotein cholesterol or total cholesterol levels in people with hyperlipidemia (5148,14820).
• Parkinson disease. It is unclear if oral lecithin is beneficial in patients with Parkinson disease. Details: Preliminary clinical research in patients with Parkinson disease shows that taking lecithin 32 grams daily for 8 weeks does not improve symptoms when compared with placebo (19212).
• Postoperative pain. It is unclear if oral lecithin is beneficial for reducing postoperative pain. Details: Preliminary clinical research shows that taking lecithin 20 grams prior to surgery increases choline levels, but does not reduce postoperative pain after gynecological surgery, when compared with placebo (91231).
• Tardive dyskinesia. It is unclear if oral lecithin is beneficial in patients with tardive dyskinesia. Details: Two small clinical studies in patients with tardive dyskinesia shows that taking lecithin orally for 2 months, alone or in combination with lithium, does not improve symptoms when compared with placebo (14822,14824).
• TPN-associated hepatic steatosis. It is unclear if oral lecithin is beneficial in patients with hepatic steatosis associated with long-term total parenteral nutrition (TPN). Details: A small clinical study in patients on long-term TPN with low choline levels suggests that taking lecithin 20 grams orally twice daily for 6 weeks reduces the degree of hepatic steatosis, compared with no significant changes in those taking placebo (5140).
• Ulcerative colitis. Oral lecithin has only been evaluated in combination with other ingredients; its effect when used alone is unclear. Details: Preliminary clinical research shows that taking a disease-specific medical food (Profermin, Nordisk Rebalance) containing lecithin, fermented oats, barley malt, and lactobacillus plantarum, as 250 mL twice daily for 24 weeks, decreases disease activity by over 56% when compared with baseline and leads to remission in 46% of patients with mild-to-moderate ulcerative colitis (91228). Other preliminary clinical research in this population shows that taking Profermin 250 mL twice daily for 8 weeks improves disease activity and remission rate when compared with another medical food (Fresubin Original, Fresenius Kabi) (90271). The effects of lecithin alone are unclear. More evidence is needed to rate lecithin for these uses.

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LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally in amounts commonly found in foods. Lecithin has Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) status in the US (2619,105544). ...when used orally and appropriately in medicinal amounts. Lecithin has been used safely in doses of up to 30 grams daily for up to 6 weeks (5140,5149,5152,5156,14817,14822,14838,19212). ...when used topically (4914).

PREGNANCY AND LACTATION: LIKELY SAFE
when used orally in food amounts. Lecithin has Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) status in the US (105544). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of medicinal amounts of lecithin during pregnancy or lactation; avoid using.

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General ...Orally, lecithin is well tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Abdominal pain, diarrhea, fullness, and nausea.

Dermatologic ...Orally, lecithin can cause allergic skin reactions in people with egg or soy allergies (15705).

Gastrointestinal ...Orally, lecithin may cause abdominal pain, diarrhea, fullness, and nausea (5140,6243,14817,14822,14838,19204,59281).

Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, lecithin caused CNS complaints and agitation in one patient in a clinical trial (59261).

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