| Ingredients | Amount Per Serving |
|---|---|
|
Calories
|
5 Calorie(s) |
|
Calories from Fat
|
5 Calorie(s) |
|
Total Fat
|
0.5 Gram(s) |
|
(seed)
|
500 mg |
|
(LA)
|
365 mg |
|
Gamma-Linoleic Acid
(GLA)
|
45 mg |
|
(fruit)
((from 12:1 concentrate) (equivalent to 2,400 mg fresh cranberries))
|
200 mg |
Gelatin, Glycerin, yellow Beeswax, Caramel color
Below is general information about the effectiveness of the known ingredients contained in the product Evening Primrose Oil & Cranberry. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
INSUFFICIENT RELIABLE EVIDENCE to RATE
Below is general information about the safety of the known ingredients contained in the product Evening Primrose Oil & Cranberry. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally in amounts found in foods. CLA occurs naturally in milk fat, beef, and the meat of other ruminant animals (5924,5925,5932,5933).
POSSIBLY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately in medicinal amounts of up to 6. 8 grams daily, short-term (2819,2821,3153,4947,10410,11327,111056).
CHILDREN: LIKELY SAFE
when used orally in amounts found in foods.
CLA occurs naturally in milk fat, beef, and the meat of other ruminant animals (5924,5925,5932,5933).
CHILDREN: POSSIBLY SAFE
when used orally and appropriately in medicinal amounts.
Some evidence suggests that CLA 3 grams daily can be taken safely for up to 7 months (45713).
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION: LIKELY SAFE
when used orally in amounts found in foods (5924,5932,5933).
There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of CLA when used in medicinal amounts during pregnancy or lactation; avoid using.
LIKELY SAFE . .when used orally and appropriately. Cranberry juice up to 300 mL daily and cranberry extracts in doses up to 800 mg twice daily have been safely used in clinical trials (3333,3334,6758,6760,7008,8252,8253,8254,8995,11328) (16415,16720,17100,17126,17176,17210,17524,46379,46388,46389)(46390,46425,46439,46443,46465,46456,46466,46467,46469,46471)(46496,46499,90044,102847,111407).
CHILDREN: LIKELY SAFE
when cranberry juice is consumed in amounts commonly found in the diet (2811,6759,46441,46452,46470,111407).
There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of cranberry when used in medicinal amounts in children.
PREGNANCY AND LACTATION: LIKELY SAFE
when consumed in amounts commonly found in the diet.
There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of cranberry when used therapeutically during pregnancy or lactation; avoid using.
LIKELY SAFE ...when used orally and appropriately. Evening primrose oil has been used safely in doses up to 6 grams daily for up to 1 year (7566,7567,8926,12036,20512,49286,49360,109426). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of evening primrose oil when used topically. There is also insufficient reliable information available about the safety of evening primrose seed, flower, or leaf when used orally or topically.
CHILDREN: POSSIBLY SAFE
when evening primrose oil is used orally and appropriately, short-term.
In children up to 5 years of age, doses of evening primrose oil up to 3 grams daily have been used safely for 5 months (20512,49273), and 0.5 grams/kg daily has been used safely for 8 weeks (7570). In children up to 12 years of age, doses of 4-6 grams daily have been used safely for 3-5 months (7565,7566,20512,49286). ...when used topically and appropriately, short-term. In children 2-10 years of age, evening primrose oil has been applied to affected areas of the skin twice daily for up to 3 months (96718). There is insufficient reliable information available about the safety of evening primrose seed, flower, or leaf when used orally or topically.
PREGNANCY: POSSIBLY SAFE
when evening primrose oil is used orally and appropriately.
In small studies of evening primrose oil for pre-eclampsia, 4 grams has been used orally daily for up to 10 weeks during pregnancy with apparent safety (1409,20525). Evening primrose oil has also been used safely during the last week of pregnancy to improve cervical ripening (20524,96717), although in one retrospective case series improvement was lacking and there was a trend toward prolonged labor, increased rates of arrest of descent, and increased oxytocin requirements (1411). Evening primrose oil has also been linked to a case report of petechiae and ecchymoses in a newborn infant whose mother took a total of 6.5 grams during the week before giving birth (16303); use with caution, especially in high doses.
LACTATION: POSSIBLY SAFE
when evening primrose oil is used orally.
Supplementation with evening primrose oil during lactation results in the secretion of high levels of the constituent gamma linolenic acid into breast milk (1982); however, this fatty acid is normally present in significant amounts in breast milk (11884).
Below is general information about the interactions of the known ingredients contained in the product Evening Primrose Oil & Cranberry. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
Theoretically, CLA may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
 Details
Some clinical evidence suggests that intake of CLA reduces platelet aggregation by approximately 10% (45607). The clinical significance of this effect is unclear.
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Theoretically, taking CLA with antihypertensive drugs might increase the risk of hypotension.
Details
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Theoretically, taking black seed with ramipril might increase the risk of hypotension.
Details
Some clinical research shows that CLA enhances the blood pressure-lowering effects of ramipril (45569).
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Theoretically, cranberry might increase levels and adverse effects of atorvastatin.
Details
In one case report, a patient taking atorvastatin experienced upper back pain, rhabdomyolysis, and abnormal liver function after drinking cranberry juice 16 ounces daily for 2 weeks. Theoretically, this may have been caused by inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) enzymes by cranberry juice, as atorvastatin is a CYP3A4 substrate. Creatinine kinase and liver enzymes normalized within 2 weeks of stopping cranberry juice (90042). Patients taking atorvastatin should avoid large quantities of cranberry juice.
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Theoretically, cranberry might increase the levels and adverse effects of CYP2C9 substrates. However, research is conflicting.
Details
There is contradictory evidence about the effect of cranberry on CYP2C9 enzymes. In vitro evidence suggests that flavonoids in cranberry inhibit CYP2C9 enzymes (10452,11115,90048). However, clinical research shows that cranberry juice does not significantly affect the levels, metabolism, or elimination of the CYP2C9 substrates flurbiprofen or diclofenac (11094,90048). Also, in patients stabilized on warfarin, drinking cranberry juice 250 mL daily for 7 days does not significantly increase the anticoagulant activity of warfarin, a CYP2C9 substrate (15374). Additional pharmacokinetic research shows that cranberry juice does not increase peak plasma concentrations or area under the concentration-time curve of warfarin (15393).
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Theoretically, cranberry might increase the levels and adverse effects of CYP3A4 substrates.
Details
A case of upper back pain, rhabdomyolysis, and abnormal liver function has been reported for a patient taking atorvastatin, a CYP3A4 substrate, in combination with cranberry juice 16 ounces daily for 2 weeks. Creatinine kinase and liver enzymes normalized within 2 weeks of stopping cranberry juice (90042). Also, animal research suggests that cranberry juice, administered intraduodenally 30 minutes prior to nifedipine, a CYP3A4 substrate, inhibits nifedipine metabolism and increases the area under the concentration-time curve by 1.6-fold compared to control (46420).
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Theoretically, cranberry might modestly increase the levels and adverse effects of diclofenac.
Details
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Theoretically, cranberry might increase the levels and adverse effects of nifedipine.
Details
Animal research suggests that cranberry juice, administered intraduodenally 30 minutes prior to nifedipine treatment, inhibits nifedipine metabolism and increases the area under the concentration-time curve by 1.6-fold compared to control (46420). This interaction has not been reported in humans.
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Theoretically, cranberry might increase the levels and adverse effects of warfarin. However, research is conflicting.
Details
There is contradictory evidence about the effect of cranberry juice on warfarin. Case reports have linked cranberry juice consumption to increases in the international normalized ratio (INR) in patients taking warfarin, resulting in severe spontaneous bleeding and excessive postoperative bleeding (10452,12189,12668,21187,21188,21189,46378,46396,46411)(46415,90043). Daily consumption of cranberry sauce for one week has also been linked to an increase in INR in one case report (16816). In a small study in healthy young males, taking a high dose of 3 grams of cranberry juice concentrate capsules, equivalent to 57 grams of fruit daily, for 2 weeks produced a 30% increase in the area under the INR-time curve after a single 25-mg dose of warfarin (16416). However, 3 very small clinical studies in patients stabilized on warfarin reported that cranberry juice 250 mL once or twice daily for 7 days (27% cranberry juice or pure cranberry juice) or 240 mL once daily for 14 days does not significantly increase INR or affect plasma warfarin levels (15374,17124,90045). The reasons for these discrepant findings are unclear. It is possible that the form and dose of cranberry may play a role, as cranberry extracts and juices contain different constituents. Additionally, an in vitro study evaluating 5 different cranberry juices found varying effects, with only a cranberry concentrate, and not diluted cranberry juices, inhibiting CYP2C9. However, this concentrate did not inhibit CYP2C9 activity in humans (108062).
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Theoretically, evening primrose oil may increase the risk of bleeding if used with anticoagulant or antiplatelet drugs.
Details
Evening primrose oil contains gamma linolenic acid (GLA). There is preliminary clinical evidence that GLA can reduce platelet aggregation and prolong bleeding time (1979).
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Theoretically, evening primrose may increase the levels and clinical effects of CYP2C9 substrates.
Details
In vitro research shows that linoleic acid, a constituent of evening primrose oil, inhibits CYP2C9 (21017).
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Theoretically, concomitant use of lithium with evening primrose oil might decrease lithium levels and effects.
Details
In a case report, a patient on a stable dose of lithium for 10 years experienced a reduction in lithium levels after taking evening primrose oil 500 mg daily. Baseline levels were 0.69 mmol/L, which decreased to 0.37 mmol/L after 2 months and 0.23 mmol/L after 3 months of use. Lithium levels increased within 6 weeks of discontinuing evening primrose oil, to 0.73 mmol/L; no clinical effects were noted (96715).
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Theoretically, evening primrose oil might increase the levels and effects of lopinavir.
Details
In a case report, an HIV patient who took evening primrose oil (Efamol) along with lopinavir/ritonavir experienced an increase in serum levels of lopinavir to 15.2 mg/L. Six weeks after discontinuing evening primrose oil, levels of lopinavir returned to the normal range of 5-10 mg/L. When re-challenged with evening primrose oil for a week, the patient's lopinavir levels increased from 6.69 to 8.11 mg/L. It is suspected that evening primrose oil increases levels of lopinavir by inhibiting cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4), which metabolizes lopinavir (93578). However, this effect has not been reported in other research.
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Theoretically, taking evening primrose oil with phenothiazines might increase the risk of convulsions.
Details
Evening primrose oil contains gamma-linolenic acid (GLA). There is some concern that taking supplements containing GLA might cause seizures, or lower the seizure threshold, when taken with phenothiazines (88187). In one report, three patients with schizophrenia who had received phenothiazines developed EEG changes suggestive of temporal lobe epilepsy after starting treatment with GLA, although none experienced an actual seizure (21013). In another report, two patients with schizophrenia who were stabilized on phenothiazines developed seizures when evening primrose oil 4 grams daily was added. One of these patients had a prior history of seizures (21010). It is unclear whether evening primrose oil had any additive epileptogenic effects with the phenothiazines; there is no evidence that taking evening primrose oil alone causes seizures (88187).
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Below is general information about the adverse effects of the known ingredients contained in the product Evening Primrose Oil & Cranberry. Some ingredients may not be listed. This information does NOT represent a recommendation for or a test of this specific product as a whole.
General
...Orally, CLA is well tolerated when found in foods.
When taken in medicinal amounts, CLA seems to be well tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Diarrhea, dyspepsia, flatulence, loose stools, and nausea.
Serious Adverse Effects (Rare) :
Orally: Cases of hepatotoxicity have been reported.
Cardiovascular
...Some preliminary clinical research suggests that the t10,c12 isomer of CLA can decrease high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels (2821).
This isomer of CLA, as well as a mixture of CLA isomers, seems to increase plasma triglyceride levels, the ratio of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol to HDL cholesterol, and the ratio of total cholesterol to HDL cholesterol (45148,45468), although not all research has identified these effects (107475).
A meta-analysis of 6 randomized, controlled trials shows that administration of CLA in individuals who are overweight or obese significantly increases lipoprotein (a) levels, a value associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease. Subgroup analyses suggest this increase is more prominent in trials that are longer than 6 months in duration and with CLA doses of at least 3.5 grams daily (107475).
Endocrine ...Orally, CLA has been shown to increase insulin resistance and glucose concentrations, as well as decrease insulin sensitivity in some patients, including obese individuals or patients with type 2 diabetes (2821,13026,45145,45152,45513). Some evidence suggests that this effect is isomer-specific and occurs with only the t10,c12 isomer (2821,13026), while other evidence shows that decreased insulin sensitivity may also occur with the c9,t11 isomer or with a 50:50 mixture of c9,t11 and t10,c12 isomers (45145,45152).
Gastrointestinal ...Orally, the most common adverse effect reported with CLA is gastrointestinal upset including diarrhea, constipation, nausea, loose stools, dyspepsia, bloating, and flatulence (3153,4947,45280,45705,45730,111056). Esophageal irritation was reported in one patient who bit open and swallowed a capsule containing CLA (45577).
Hepatic ...Orally, clinical research shows that CLA 3 grams daily for 12 weeks does not affect liver outcome measures (105809). However, there are at least two case reports of hepatotoxicity. Asthenia, jaundice, and pruritus were reported in a 46-year-old female who consumed CLA for two weeks. Abnormal liver enzyme levels returned to normal following discontinuation of CLA supplementation (45483). Hepatotoxicity, presenting as fulminant hepatitis and characterized by anorexia, nausea, jaundice, choluria, and hepatic encephalopathy requiring liver transplantation has also been reported in a 63-year-old female taking a CLA-containing weight-loss supplement for one month (91589).
Musculoskeletal ...Orally, CLA has been reported to cause back ache in one individual in one clinical trial (45787).
Neurologic/CNS ...Orally, CLA may cause headache or fatigue (3153,45787). In one case report, a 50-year-old female presented with headache and subarachnoid hemorrhage due to reversible cerebral vasoconstriction syndrome (RCVS) after taking a combination product containing green tea, L-carnitine, and CLA for one week. At 28 days after discontinuation of the combination product and surgery, angiography showed complete regression of vascular restrictions (97007). It is unclear if this adverse effect was due to CLA, another ingredient in the product, or a combination of ingredients.
Other ...Orally, CLA has been reported to cause halitosis in one patient in one clinical trial (45839).
General
...Orally, cranberry seems to be well tolerated.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Diarrhea and gastrointestinal discomfort.
Dermatologic ...Orally, skin redness and itching has been reported in one patient (46389).
Gastrointestinal ...In very large doses, for example 3-4 L per day of juice, cranberry can cause gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea, particularly in young children (46364). There are reports of abdominal and gastrointestinal discomfort after taking cranberry tablets, extracts, and juice in clinical trials (16720,46379,111407). Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea have also been reported with consumption of lower doses of cranberry juice cocktail, 16 ounces per day, equivalent to about 4 ounces cranberry juice, for several weeks (16415).
Genitourinary ...Vulvovaginal candidiasis has been associated with ingestion of cranberry juice (46374). Clinical research suggests that ingestion of cranberry juice may be associated with vaginal itching and vaginal dryness (46471). One patient in clinical research stopped taking dried cranberry juice due to excessive urination (46437), and an isolated case of nocturia following ingestion of cranberry tablets has been reported (16720).
Hematologic ...Thrombocytopenia has been reported as an adverse event to cranberry juice (46459).
Other ...An isolated case of sensitive swollen nipples after taking cranberry tablets has been reported (16720).
General
...Orally and topically, evening primrose oil is generally well tolerated.
There is limited reliable information available regarding the safety or adverse effects of other parts of the plant.
Most Common Adverse Effects:
Orally: Abdominal pain and distention, diarrhea, dyspepsia, flatulence, nausea, and vomiting.
Dermatologic ...Orally, use of evening primrose oil has been associated with reports of skin rash and acne (9156,9794,49338). There is a case report of extensive but transient petechiae and purpuric ecchymoses in a newborn infant whose mother had consumed raspberry leaf tea and a total of 6.5 grams of evening primrose oil orally and vaginally during the week prior to delivery. The infant had a normal platelet count and no signs of hemorrhage, and was discharged healthy at 3 days of age (16303).
Gastrointestinal ...Gastrointestinal complaints, including abdominal pain, distension and fullness, nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, dyspepsia, and flatulence are the most common adverse effects of evening primrose (8926,9794,20533,49188,49286,49339,49365,65864,88184,102556). Often these effects resolve with continued use. Altered taste has also been reported (49339).
Hematologic ...There is preliminary clinical evidence that evening primrose oil can decrease platelet aggregation and prolong bleeding time. In a small study of patients with hyperlipidemia, taking evening primrose oil 3 grams daily for 4 months was associated with a 40% increase in bleeding time, and decreases in ADP- and epinephrine-induced platelet aggregation of 50% and 60% respectively (1979). There is also a case report of diffuse ecchymoses and petechiae in a neonate whose mother had consumed 6.5 grams of evening primrose oil over the week prior to delivery (16303).
Neurologic/CNS
...Cases of dizziness (9794) and headache (88184) have been reported with evening primrose oil when used orally.
There is a report of seizures in a patient taking evening primrose oil and receiving anesthesia; however, the patient was also taking other drugs and it is therefore unclear if evening primrose was the cause (613). There is also concern that evening primrose oil might cause seizures, or lower the seizure threshold, in patients with schizophrenia who are treated with phenothiazines. This is based on limited data from two studies published in the 1980s. In one report, three patients with schizophrenia who had received phenothiazines developed EEG changes suggestive of temporal lobe epilepsy after starting treatment with evening primrose, although none experienced an actual seizure (21013). In the other report, two patients with schizophrenia who were stabilized on phenothiazines developed seizures when evening primrose oil 4 grams daily was added. One of these patients had a prior history of seizures (21010). There is no evidence that evening primrose taken alone, without medications known to lower the seizure threshold, can cause seizures (88187).
Other ...Weight gain has been reported in individuals receiving evening primrose oil (49338).
