Related Terms

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Background

• Cytokines, also called chemical messengers, are a group of proteins that help regulate the immune system. They facilitate communication among immune cells, which fight against harmful substances, such as bacteria, that enter the body.
• There are six major types of cytokines: chemokines, colony-stimulating factors, interferons, interleukins, transforming growth factors, and tumor necrosis factors (TNF). These cells help stimulate cellular reproduction, growth, and development. They are also involved in the body's response to injury, wound healing, immunity, and tolerance.
• When cytokines are released, they bind to the receptors on the outside of their target cells. This action sends a chemical signal to the cell, stimulating it to perform a specific activity. For instance, during an infection, some cytokines stimulate immune cells to multiply. This helps the body fight against disease and infection.
• Many different cells can produce the same cytokine. When a single cytokine stimulates many cells, it is called pleiotropy. When two or more cytokines work together, it is called synergism. When two or more cytokines produce opposite effects, it is called antagonism. These proteins are often produced in a cascade. In other words, when one cytokine is produced, this stimulates the production of many more cytokines.

Types of Cytokines

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Cytokine Storm

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Author Information

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References

Natural Standard developed the above evidence-based information based on a thorough systematic review of the available scientific articles. For comprehensive information about alternative and complementary therapies on the professional level, go to www.naturalstandard.com. Selected references are listed below.

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