Synonyms/Common Names/Related Substances:

• Æble (Danish), æbletræ (Danish), Adams Pearmain, Alfriston, Allen's Everlasting, alma (Hungarian), almindelig æble (Danish), Annie Elizabeth, Antonovka, apal (Norwegian), apel (Swedish), Apfel (German), Apfelbaum (German), appel (Dutch), appelaar (Dutch), appelboom (Dutch), appelträd (Swedish), äpple (Swedish), apple extract, apple fiber, apple juice, apple pectin, apple pectin powder, apple picking, apple polyphenols, apple procyanidin, apple scab, apple tree, apple wassail, apple-John, applesauce, appleseed, Ard Cairn Russet, Arthur Turner, Ashmead's Kernel, bæræble (Danish), baker's delicious, Baldwin, Barnack Beauty, bärapel (Swedish), Beeren-Apfel (German), Beerenapfel (German), Beerenapfelbaum (German), Beerenapfelstrauch (German), Belle de Boskoop, Ben Davis, Bess Pool, Blenheim Orange, B-linked proanthocyanidins, Braddick's Nonpareil, Braeburn, Bramley, Bramley seedling, Brownlee's Russet, bukettapel (Swedish), Cameo®, candy apple, caramel apple, Cellini, Charles Ross, Chinese apple, Chinese crab apple, Christmas Pearmain, cider apple, Claygate Pearmain, Cockle Pippin, common apple, common appletree, cooking apple, Cornish Gilliflower, Cornish Gillyflower, Cornish Pine, Cortland, Court Pendu Plat, Cox's Orange Pippin, crab apple, crab-stock, Crawley Beauty, Cripps Pink, cultivated apple, custard apple, Devonshire Quarrendon, discovery, divja gozdna jablana (Slovenian), divlja jabuka (Croatian, Hungarian), domestic appletree, Duke of Devonshire, Easter Orange, echter Apfelbaum (German), Edward VII, Egremont Russet, Elstar, Empire, Esopus Spitzenburg, Elton Beauty, Encore, ezonoko ringo (Japanese), European crab apple, Flower of Kent, Fortune, French Crab, Fuji, Gala, Gascoyne's Scarlet, Ginger Gold, golden apple, Golden Delicious, gooseberry, Granny Smith, Gravenstein, Grimes Golden, Hambledon Deux Ans, Haralson, Herefordshire Pomona, Herring's Pippin, Heusgon's Golden Reinette, hime ringo (Japanese), Holz-apfel (German), Holzapfel (German), Holzapfelbaum (German), Holz-apfelbaum (German), Honeycrisp, Howgate Wonder, hua hong (Chinese), iabloni lesnoi (Russian), iabloni man'chzhurskoi (Russian), iabloni nizkoi (Russian), iablonia (Russian), iablonia aziaatskaia (Russian), iablonia iagodnaia (jablonja jagodnaja) (Russian), iablonia kitaiskaia (Russian), iablonia lesnaia (Russian), iablonia nizkaia (Russian), iablonia ranniaia (Russian), iablonia sibirskaia (jablonja sibirskaja) (Russian), iablonia slivolistnaia (Russian), Idared, Ida Red, Ingrid Marie, inu ringo (Japanese), Irish Peach, jabloň domáca (Slovakian), jabloň malvičkatá (Slovakian), jabloň planá (Slovakian), jablon plonka (Polish), jabloň plstnatá (Slovakian), jabuka (Croatian), James Grieve, Japanese crab apple, Japanese flowering crab apple, Japansk paradisæble (Danish), Jazz, jiringo (Japanese), John Standish, Jonagold, Jonathan, kaidouzumi (Japanese), Karmijn de Sonnaville, Kidd's Orange Red, King of the Pippins, King's Acre Pippin, Kirschapfel (German), Kirsch-Apfel (German), Knobbed Russet, koma (Nepalese), kulturapel (Swedish), Kultur-apfel (German), kumbulin (Nepalese), lai ch'in (Chinese), Lamb Abbey Pearmain, Laxton's Superb, li jiang shan ding zi (Chinese), li jiang shan jing zi (Chinese), lin qin zi (Chinese), lesnika (Slovenian), lin ch'in (Chinese), Lord Burghley, Lord Lambourne, maça (Portuguese), maçanzeira (Portuguese), maceira (Portuguese), macieira (Portuguese), macieira-brava (Portuguese), Macoun apple, malum (Latin), Malus acerba Mérat, Malus asiatica Nakai, Malus asiatica Nakai var. argutisserrata, Malus baccata (L.) Borkh., Malus baccata (L.) Borkh. var. baccata, Malus baccata (L.) Borkh f. gracilis Rehder, Malus baccata (L.) Borkh. f. jackii Rehder, Malus baccata (L.) Borkh. subsp. himalaica (Maxim.) Likhonos, Malus baccata (L.) Borkh. var. mandshurica (Maxim.), Malus baccata (L.) Borkh var. sibirica, Malus communis Poir., Malus communis Poir. subsp. sylvestris (Mill.) Gams, Malus dasyphylla Borkh., Malus dasyphylla var. domestica Koidz., Malus dasyphylla Borkh., Malus domestica Borkh., Malus domestica Borkh. var. asiatica (Nakai), Malus domestica Borkh. var. rinki (Koidz.), Malus dulcissima Koidz. var. asiatica Koidz., Malus dulcissima var. rinki (Koidz.) Koidz., Malus floribunda, Malus floribunda Siebold ex Van Houtte, Malus malus (L.), Malus malus (L.) Britton nom. inval., Malus mandshurica (Maxim.) Kom., Malus matsumurae Koidz., Malus niedzwetzkyana Dieck, Malus pallasiana Juzepãuk ex Komarov, Malus paradisiaca (L.) Medik., Malus pumila auct., Malus pumila auct. var. domestica (Borkh.), Malus pumila Mill., Malus pumila var. domestica, Malus pumila Mill. var. niedzwetzkyana (Dieck), Malus pumila Mill. var. paradisiaca (L.), Malus pumila Mill. var. rinki Koidz., Malus praecox (Pall.) Borkh., Malus prunifolia Borkh., Malus prunifolia Borkh. var. ringo Asami, Malus prunifolia Borkh. var. rinkii (Koidz.), Malus pumila auct., Malus pumila auct. var. domestica (Borkh.), Malus pumila Mill., Malus pumila var. dulcissima, Malus pumila var. niedzwetzkyana (Dieck), Malus pumila var. paradisiaca (L.), Malus praecox (Pall.) Borkh., Malus ringo Siebold ex Carrière, Malus rockii Rehder, Malus sargentii Rehder, Malus sibirica Borkh. ex Roem., Malus sibirica (Maxim.) Kom., Malus sylvestris, Malus sylvestris auct., Malus sylvestris American auth. auct. non Mill., Malus sylvestris auct., Malus sylvestris auct. var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf., Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill., Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. var. praecox, Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. var. praecox (Pall.) Ponomar, Malus sylvestris Mill. subsp. mitis (Wallr.) Mansf., Malus sylvestris var. domestica (Borkh.) Mansf., Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. var. niedzwetskyana (Dieck), Malus sylvestris (L.) Mill. var. praecox (Pall.) Ponomar, Malus sylvestris var. niedzwetskyana (Dieck), manchurisk prydæble (Danish), manshuu zumi (Japanese), manzana (Spanish), manzano (Spanish), manzano montesco (Spanish), manzano silvestre (Spanish), mao shan jing zi (Chinese), margil, marjaomena (Finnish), marjaomenapuu (Finnish), maru bakaidou (Japanese), marusu shirubesutorisu (Japanese), Maschanzkerapfel (German), May Queen, McIntosh, mela (Italian), melo (Italian), melo salvatico (Italian), melo selvatico (Italian), melo silvestre (Italian), Melrose, Merton Worcester, metsäomenapuu (Finnish), Monarch, Morris apple, mutsu, nai (Japanese), Newtown Pippin, Nonpareil, Northern Spy, omenapuu (Finnish), Ontario, Orlean's Reinette, Ortley, Osagedorn (German), Oslin, Page One, Paradies-Apfel (German), paradise apple, paratiisiomena (Finnish), patulin, Paula Red, ping guo (Chinese), Pink Lady®, Pink Pearl, Pinova, Pitmaston Pineapple, plumleaf crabapple, plum-leaved crab apple, pitoma jabuka (Croatian), pomi (Latin), pomme (French), pomme d'arbre (French), pomme de France (French), pommier (French), pommier à baies (French), pommier à feuilles de prunus (French), pommier à petits fruits (French), pommier commun (French), pommier sauvage (French), pomo (Italian), Powell's Russet, procyanidin B-2, purple chokeberry, Pyrus acerba DC, Pyrus acerba (Mérat) DC, Pyrus baccata L., Pyrus baccata var. aurantiaca Regel, Pyrus baccata var. himalaica Maxim., Pyrus baccata var. genuina Regel, Pyrus floribunda G.Kirchn., Pyrus malusastracanica, Pyrus malus L., Pyrus malus L. subsp. acerba (Mérat) Syme, Pyrus malus var. astracanica, Pyrus malus var. paradisiaca L., Pyrus matsumurae (Koidz.) Cardot, Pyrus niedzwetzkyana (Dieck) Hemsl., Pyrus prunifolia Willd., Pyrus praecox Pall., Pyrus pumila (P.Mill.), Pyrus ringo Wenzig, Pyrus sargentii (Rehder) Bean, qiu zi (Chinese), rajska jablana (Slovenian), rajska paradiževec (Slovenian), Red Delicious, Ribston Pippin, ringo (Japanese), Rome Beauty, Rosaceae (family), Ross Nonpareil, Roundway Magnum Bomum, Roxbury Russet, Royal Gala, russet apple, saio (Portuguese), Sam Young, Sanspareil, sargentæble (Danish), sargentapal (Norwegian), sargent's crab apple, scrog, scrog-apple, seiyou ringo (Japanese), shan jing zi (Chinese), showy crab apple, Siberian crab apple, siberya koringo (Japanese), Sibirisk æble (Danish), Sibirisk apel (Swedish), Siperianomenapuu (Finnish), skovæble (Danish), skov-æble (Danish), sødæble (Danish), søteple (Norwegian), St. Edmund's Pippin, St. Wright, Strauch-Apfel (German), Sturmer Pippin, sufferjang (Hindi), sumska jabuka (Croatian), Sunset, Suntan, tapuach (Hebrew), tarhaomenapuu (Finnish), trädgårdsapel (Swedish), tuffahh (Arabic), tuffâhh barrî (Arabic), tuomenlehtinen omena (Finnish), Tuscan, Tydeman's Late Orange, ursolic acid, verjuice, vild æble (Danish), vildapel (Swedish), vielblütiger Apfel (German), villapal (Norwegian), villiepli (Icelandic), Wagener, waringo (Japanese), wild apple, wild crab, wild crab apple, Wild-Apfel (German), wilde appel (Dutch), wilder Apfelbaum (German), Winston, Woolbrook Russet, Worcester Cross, Worcester Pearmain, Wyken Pippin, xi ma la ya shan jing zi (Chinese), yablonya lesnaya (Slovenian), yag wang na mu (Korean), zlahtna jablana (Slovenia).
• Selected combination products: Anticholest (apple-pectin-guar soft drink), Applephenon™, Classic AU-701, Diarrhoesan® (apple pectin-chamomile extract).

Clinical Bottom Line/Effectiveness

Brief Background:

• Apple (Malus domestica) is the name for both the tree and its fruit. Apple is in the Rosaceae (rose) family. Apple is one of the most widely cultivated fruits and can be stored for months and still retain its nutritive value. Winter apples, which are picked in late autumn and stored at a temperature just above freezing, have been a long-time important food in Europe and Asia, and in Argentina and the United States since the arrival of Europeans in those countries.
• Although apple has been a staple in the human diet throughout time, the pattern of fruit juice consumption, including that of apple, has changed in recent history (1). In the 1950s, orange juice was the most commonly consumed juice, and its purpose was primarily to prevent scurvy. Today, apple juice is the juice of choice for children in the United States younger than five years old (1;​2). Apples can be canned, juiced, pureed, baked, stewed, and fermented to produce apple juice, cider, applesauce, vinegar, and pectin. They are commonly used as an ingredient in pies and other baked goods. If dried, apples can be reconstituted with water, alcohol, or other liquid for later use. Distilled apple cider is used to make the sprits applejack and Calvados, and apples can be used to make wine.
• Like most fruits and vegetables, apples are high in fiber and are bulky for their caloric content. Apples contain vitamin C and antioxidants, which are of interest in the prevention of cancers, including colon, prostate, and lung cancer. According to an unconfirmed source, a doctor at Cornell University found that apple phenolics, which are naturally occurring antioxidants, may protect nerve cells from neurotoxicity induced by oxidative stress. Although this information is yet to be confirmed, scientists suggest that the phenolics in apples could protect the brain from diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's.
• Apples have traditionally been used in controlling diarrhea or constipation; in treating cancer, diabetes, dysentery, fever, heart ailments, scurvy, and warts; in cleaning teeth; and in the softening, passing, and collection of gallstones, although these uses have not been substantiated in the literature.
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Dosing/Toxicology

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Precautions/Contraindications

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Interactions

Most herbs and supplements have not been thoroughly tested for interactions with other herbs, supplements, drugs, or foods. The interactions listed below are based on reports in scientific publications, laboratory experiments, or traditional use. You should always read product labels. If you have a medical condition, or are taking other drugs, herbs, or supplements, you should speak with a qualified healthcare provider before starting a new therapy.

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Mechanism of Action

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History

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Evidence Table

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Evidence Discussion

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Products Studied

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Author Information

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References

Natural Standard developed the above evidence-based information based on a thorough systematic review of the available scientific articles. For comprehensive information about alternative and complementary therapies on the professional level, go to www.naturalstandard.com. Selected references are listed below.

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